Which of the following is the best definition of a non-communicable disease?
A disease that is spread by the transfer of pathogens
A genetic disease
A disease that cannot be transferred from person to person
Which of these is a major risk factor in developing skin cancer?
Ionising radiation
A reduction in air pollution
Microorganisms
Which of the following best explains how cigarettes cause lung cancer?
Smoking cigarettes transfers viruses that cause cancers
Cigarettes contains nicotine
Cigarette smoke contains chemical carcinogens
Which of the following best explains how cancer cells can spread around the body?
Cancer cells are specialised cells that can invade other tissues
Their DNA remains undamaged when they are transformed, so they can travel around the body
They can be carried in the blood
If, in an investigation of a disease, two sets of data show a correlation, what must a scientist do to establish that it was a change in one variable that led to a change in the other?
Increase the sample size in the investigation
Look for a possible mechanism by which one variable might affect the other
Carry out a statistical analysis on the two sets of data
Which of the following is an effect of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?
Destruction of alveoli
A decrease in the sensitivity of the body's cells to insulin
A reduction in the risk of lung cancer
Which of the following is a possible effect of a mother's smoking on an unborn baby?
Increased risk of birth defects
Increased mass at birth
Protection against asthma following the birth of the baby
What are the features of cirrhosis of the liver?
Impaired liver function
An increase in urea production
An increase in the efficiency of processing the products of digestion
Which of the following is a major cause of type 2 diabetes?
Too little sugar in the diet, lowering blood sugar
Obesity
Too vigorous exercise, causing a reduction in carbohydrate in the body
Which of the following is true of a histogram?
The variable on the y-axis is not continuous
The x-axis consists of separate, discrete groups
The bars are next to each other